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Handbook of Public Transport Research

Providing a comprehensive overview and analysis of the latest research in the growing field of public transport studies, the Handbook of Public Transport Research looks at the impact of urbanisation and the growth of mega-cities on public transport. Chapters examine the significant challenges facing the field that require new and original solutions, including congestion and environmental relief, and the social equity objectives that justify public transport in cities.

Edited by Graham Currie, Professor of Public Transport, Public Transport Research Group, Institute of Transport Studies, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia

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Exploring built environment impacts on transit use–an updated meta-analysis

The built environment (BE) is widely accepted to influence transit use (TU). Evidence to date suggests the relationship is dependent on many factors which can be difficult to account for in quantitative studies. This creates barriers to transferring research into practice.

Aston, L., Currie, G., Delbosc, A., Kamruzzaman, M., & Teller, D. (2021). Exploring built environment impacts on transit use–an updated meta-analysis. Transport Reviews, 41(1), 73-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2020.1806941

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Overcoming Abundance: Social Capital and Managing Floods in Inner Melbourne during the Nineteenth Century

Before effective drainage and flood protection systems were built in the early twentieth century, areas of inner Melbourne close to the Yarra River were prone to flooding. An overabundance of water and a need to limit its impact on lives, livelihoods, and the built environment drove changes in the engineered structure of a rapidly growing city.

Dobbie, M. F., Morgan, R. A., & Frost, L. (2020). Overcoming Abundance: Social Capital and Managing Floods in Inner Melbourne during the Nineteenth Century. Journal of Urban History, 46(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144217692984

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Water and the making of Californian and Australian Cities

Cities create wealth and economic opportunity by linking regions where specialized activity takes place to larger markets, and through agglomeration economies that result from bringing workers with diverse skills into close proximity. This requires capital investment in obtaining water for drinking and irrigation, using it for transport and waste disposal, and managing the interface between water and land (through building dams, flood control, improving harbors and docks, and land drainage and filling). In turn, those water-related landscapes shape and constrain the layout of the built environment and its social structure.

Frost, L. (2020). Water and the making of Californian and Australian Cities: introduction. Journal of Urban History, 46(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144217692992

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Water technology and the urban environment: water, sewerage, and disease in San Francisco and Melbourne before 1920

The challenges cities face in supplying safe water and disposing effectively of sewage and wastewater are affected by historical and environmental conditions and the long-lasting effects of choices of infrastructure. This article provides case studies of two similar cities, San Francisco and Melbourne, from the mid-nineteenth-century gold rushes to 1920, to show how differences in geography and governance structure can shape water technologies in a path-dependent way.

Frost, L. (2020). Water technology and the urban environment: water, sewerage, and disease in San Francisco and Melbourne before 1920. Journal of Urban History, 46(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144217692988

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Domesticating water: how initial choices shaped water networks in three Australian cities

The options cities face in supplying safe water and disposing of wastes are affected by the long-lasting effects of initial network choices. This article outlines this path-dependent process through case studies of Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide. Each city was constrained by early choices that limited options as new challenges emerged. Each city soon outgrew natural water supplies, with differences in urban growth rates, governance structures, local skills and social aspirations impacting on the networks built. The quality of Australia’s urban water and sewerage was comparatively high by 1900, but the full benefit on living standards had not reached all residents.

Frost, L., & Shanahan, M. P. (2021). Domesticating water: how initial choices shaped water networks in three Australian cities. Australian Historical Studies, 52(2), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461X.2020.1862879

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Empowering indigenous networks: collaborative governance and the development of a Racial Vilification Code in the Australian Football League

Few Indigenous Australians played Australian Rules football at the elite level before the 1980s. As the number of Indigenous players increased, a network of those who refused to accept on-field racial vilification developed. Opportunities for change were also seized by the Australian Football League, through a collaborative governance approach that empowered Indigenous players to inform strategies for reconciliation and education, and the development of anti-vilification rules. The case provides information about how governance structures may generate resources that improve socio-economic outcomes for indigenous and other disadvantaged people.

Frost, L., Van Dijk, P., & Kirk-Brown, A. (Accepted/In press). Empowering indigenous networks: collaborative governance and the development of a Racial Vilification Code in the Australian Football League. The International Journal of the History of Sport. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2021.1895759

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Zoning in on urban manufacturing: industry location and change among low-tech, high-touch industries in Melbourne, Australia

Contemporary policy attention to manufacturing revolves around a narrative of advanced, innovation-driven production. Often overlooked are “low-tech,” “high-touch” manufacturing, which engage in specialized and often urbanized labor-intensive production. These firms represent a missed economic development opportunity yet may be displaced due to major urban industrial re-zonings.

Grodach, C., & Martin, D. (2021). Zoning in on urban manufacturing: industry location and change among low-tech, high-touch industries in Melbourne, Australia. Urban Geography, 42(4), 458-480. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1723329

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Navigating Economic Uncertainty in Post-Covid Cities: Employment Vulnerability and Resilience in Australian Capital Cities

This research aims to assist policymakers in assessing the risk of employment vulnerability as the impacts of Covid-19 evolve. We map the geography of Covid vulnerable employment areas in all suburbs in Australia’s five largest capital cities. We then analyse the characteristics of
vulnerable employment communities (residence of vulnerable workers) in Greater Melbourne.

Grodach, C., & Martin, D. (2020). Navigating Economic Uncertainty in Post-Covid Cities: Employment Vulnerability and Resilience in Australian Capital Cities. Monash University. https://apo.org.au/node/306452

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20-Minute Neighbourhood: Living Locally Research

The Living Locally Research Project, focuses on strategies to stage the delivery of community infrastructure in Mambourin, a masterplanned community in the City of Wyndham. The report was commissioned by Resilient Melbourne with partners DELWP, Wydham City Council, and Frasers Property. The work will help to guide the partner’s approach to creating 20-minute resilient neighbourhoods and building community connectedness in Melbourne’s outersuburban growth areas.

Grodach, C., Kamruzzaman, L., & Harper, L. (2019). 20-Minute Neighbourhood: Living Locally Research. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning - State Government of Victoria. https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/450275/Mambourin-Report-Staging-Community-Infrastructure.pdf

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Contentious Cities: Design and the Gendered Production of Space

'Contentious Cities' offers unique interdisciplinary approaches to understanding gendered spatial equity in the urban environment. Positioning design as a central component in how cities produce, construct, represent, and materialise gendered spatial practices, it brings together practice and theory to critique, question, and enable solutions that challenge the root causes of gender inequalities in cities.

Berry, J., Moore, T., Kalms, N., & Bawden, G. (Eds.) (2021). Contentious Cities: Design and the Gendered Production of Space. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Contentious-Cities-Design-and-the-Gendered-Production-of-Space/Berry-Moore-Kalms-Bawden/p/book/9780367520199

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Lived experience: participatory practices for gender-sensitive spaces and places

Gender-sensitive participatory design is an equalising force used to create spaces and places of inclusion. By addressing power dynamics internal to the processes of design and—in turn—challenging the inherent and conventional ‘expert’ lead process, gender-sensitive participatory design can challenge traditional hierarchical power structures. This chapter examines a range of projects from the Monash University XYX Lab which surface diverse voices; strengthen marginalised communities’ agency over decisions that affect them; apply a gender lens to the design process and gather data and analysis of gendered experience for the purpose of designing more inclusive cities.

Kalms, N., & Bawden, G. (2021). Lived experience: participatory practices for gender-sensitive spaces and places. In Contentious Cities: Design and the Gendered Production of Space (pp. 102-114). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003056065-12

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Unwanted Sexual Behaviour and Public Transport: The Imperative for Gender-Sensitive Co-design

This chapter examines how gender-sensitive policy and design is critical to the future of public transportation. Not only does this approach positively impact women’s safety and their access to and use of public transport (and therefore public life), it makes significant contributions to the increasingly important sustainability and viability targets of public transport. The chapter considers the complex issue of safety and the feminist scholarship that has influenced the everyday challenges and risks faced by women internationally.

Matthewson, G., & Kalms, N. (2021). Unwanted Sexual Behaviour and Public Transport: The Imperative for Gender-Sensitive Co-design. In S. Coxon, & R. Napper (Eds.), Advancing a Design Approach to Enriching Public Mobility (pp. 53-67). (Intelligent Systems Reference Library; Vol. 198). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64722-3_4

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Portfolio: 'Unsafe in the City' - 'Disruption and Design: Crowdmapping Young Women’s Experience in Cities'

The history of women’s exclusion and invisibility in cities is well charted, yet young women’s experience of sexual harassment and assault has been difficult to quantify. This article discusses the Free to Be project initiated by Plan International in 2018.

It is believed to be the most ambitious global crowdsourced data collection project on street harassment ever undertaken. By using coding and visual data techniques, the data demonstrated the scale of the problem and the urgent need for city-level decision makers, as well as other members of society, to take action. This article outlines the findings from Free to Be, and explores the ways data and activism led by girls and young women are a powerful method for creating change.

Tanner, S., Kalms, N., Cull, H., Matthewson, G., & Aisenberg, A. (2020). Portfolio: 'Unsafe in the City' - SM - 'Disruption and Design: Crowdmapping Young Women’s Experience in Cities'. IDS Bulletin, 51(2), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2020.133

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Sense and sustainability: The case of the Slow City movement

In this article I draw on recent anthropological literature on the senses to propose a novel approach to sustainable local development. I suggest that attention to how the senses are engaged in both discourses concerning and corporeal experiences of sustainable urban development, can produced insights into how these processes operate. In developing the discussion I draw from examples from ethnographic research in British member towns of the Citta`slow (Slow City) movement.

Pink, S. (2008). Sense and sustainability: The case of the Slow City movement. Local Environment, 13(2), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830701581895

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An urban tour: The sensory sociality of ethnographic place-making

In this article I explore the implications of theorizing ethnographic research as a place-making process. I suggest that if ethnography can be understood as place-making then the task of the reflexive ethnographer includes seeking to understand both her or his own emplacement and how she or he is involved in the constitution of ethnographic places. Taking one research event - an urban tour - as a case study, I analyse the sensoriality and sociality of 'shared' walking, eating, drinking, imagining, photographing, and audio- and video-recording, alongside and with research participants. I argue that it is by attuning her or himself to other people's practices that the ethnographer might be able, through her or his embodied experience.

Pink, S. (2008). An urban tour: The sensory sociality of ethnographic place-making. Ethnography, 9(2), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138108089467

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Urban social movements and small places: Slow Cities as sites of activism

In this paper I consider the significance of smaller urban contexts for the comparative analysis of contemporary urban social movements. Existing literature on urban social movements tends to focus on how they are manifested in big cities. Here I suggest that the questions they address might be addressed equally usefully in relation to smaller urban settlements. In doing I take the Slow City (Cittàslow) movement (whose member towns have populations of less that 50,000) as a case study. Through an analysis of three domains of the movement’s activity (the transnational; the national and its relationships with the state; and the local context) I examine how, by connecting local concerns with wider environmental issues, Cittàslow is implicated in processes of social change.

Pink, S. (2009). Urban social movements and small places: Slow Cities as sites of activism. City, 13(4), 451-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810903298557

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Making resilience: Everyday affect and global affiliation in Australian Slow Cities

Resilience is becoming a key representational concept across academic, policy and planning literatures, creating a need to explore fully how experienced forms of resilience emerge. In this article we respond to this by analyzing how locality-based resilience is made, in the example of the emergent Slow City movement in Australia. Through their activities and narratives Australian Slow City leaders expressed their relationship to the (broadly sustainability-oriented) goals of the movement’s framework in relation to the maintaining and making of local specialness and recovery. To understand this we go beyond the binarisms connoted by a concept of resistance through contestation or reterritorialization, to suggest such resilience is made through the relationality of things, narratives, flows and processes that traverse the local-global in between.

Pink, S., & Lewis, T. (2014). Making resilience: Everyday affect and global affiliation in Australian Slow Cities. Cultural Geographies, 21(4), 695-710. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474014520761

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Moving Through the Lit World: The Emergent Experience of Urban Paths

There is growing scholarship both on how light (and darkness) shapes our perception and experience of our surroundings and coalesces particular affective experiences. In this article, we build on this emerging field to address a fundamental but unexplored question for understanding urban experience: how is the experience of everyday movement through the city constituted in relation to automated urban lighting. We argue that the affective and sensory aspects of the “lit world” need to be accounted for, an aspect of quotidian urban experience that remains underexplored. In doing so, we discuss a mobile sensory ethnography of public urban “light routes” by drawing on the words and photographs of people moving through the city of Melbourne, Australia on their journeys home at the end of the day. Their stories about automated lighting reveal how particular affective intensities, responses to urban complexity and aesthetic experiences emerged on the move, and begin to account for the role of the “lit world” in everyday experience.

Sumartojo, S., & Pink, S. (2018). Moving Through the Lit World: The Emergent Experience of Urban Paths. Space and Culture, 21(4), 358-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331217741079

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The cyborg city: re-thinking urban resilience through mobile communications

How do we build urban resilience through key areas of critical infrastructure such as mobile communications? Mobile digital communication networks, encompassing commercial mobile and public wi-fi platforms, are ubiquitous in Australian cities, and digital inclusion has emerged as a major theme in metropolitan-level strategic planning (McShane, Wilson & Meredyth, 2014). However, while we have seen a dramatic uptake of internet-enabled mobile devices, to date little is understood about the politics, implementation and role of mobile communications in building resilient cities. This paper builds on the seminal work of Haraway (1985), Swygendouw (1996) and Gandy (2005) to extend the cyborg city lens to the context of Australian urban resilience. Using mobile communications as an example, the paper focuses on critically exploring the implications of our reliance on complex technological networks with reference to urban Australia.

Steele, W., McShane, I., Legacy, C., Strengers, Y., Handmer, J., & Pink, S. (2015). The cyborg city: re-thinking urban resilience through mobile communications. In P. Burton, & H. Shearer (Eds.), State of Australian Cities Conference 2015: Refereed Proceedings State of Australian Cities Research Network. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303013119/http://soacconference.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Steel.pdf

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Right tree, right place, right time: A visual-functional design approach to select and place trees for optimal shade benefit to commuting pedestrians

Australia tops the world's charts in occurrence of skin cancer and intensity of heat waves, while concurrently achieving high childhood obesity levels, due in part to low rates of physical activity. These issues converge in the challenge of protecting school children from heat and ultra-violet light exposure whilst simultaneously encouraging them to select active modes of transport for school journeys. This paper describes a new performance-based tree-scape design approach for quantifying shaded walking routes using the pedestrian accessibility modelling tool “PedestrianCatch”, combined with visual-functional tree-scape modelling for both solar impact analysis and qualitative aesthetic outcomes of different street tree-scape designs. We test this design approach on a precinct surrounding a school as a case study.

Langenheim, N., White, M., Tapper, N., Livesley, S. J., & Ramirez-Lovering, D. (2020). Right tree, right place, right time: A visual-functional design approach to select and place trees for optimal shade benefit to commuting pedestrians. Sustainable Cities and Society, 52, [101816]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101816

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Green Infrastructure for Sanitation in Settlements in the Global South: A Narrative Review of Socio-Technical Systems

In the developing economies of the Global South, a fundamental challenge in the transition of settlements from rural or periurban to urban is increased environmental contamination as a result of poor sanitation and sanitation management. With governments’ limited ability to connect all neighbourhoods to a city’s existing municipal water, sewerage and other services, decentralised approaches using green infrastructure offer potential to address this challenge. In addition, green infrastructure might facilitate a move towards a holistic response to manage the full water cycle.

Prescott, M. F., Dobbie, M. F., & Ramirez-Lovering, D. (2021). Green Infrastructure for Sanitation in Settlements in the Global South: A Narrative Review of Socio-Technical Systems. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), [2071]. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042071

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Mapping informal settlements: a process for action

Mapping is a cultural project, creating and building the world as much as describing it. In informal settlements land ownership may be shaped as much by social dynamics, such as kinship, social ties, and conflict, as by harder elements such as land use and regulatory frameworks. Infrastructure services retrofit is necessary for public health in these contexts. This process needs to take into account the socio-cultural as much as the technical dimensions to understand both the physical and the social conditions and challenges embedded in these generally undocumented contexts. The mapping of these conditions can provide productive directions for responding to such challenges. Mapping tools and processes that embrace this complexity, provide effective mechanisms for growing the socio-material capital of communities. Such processes also build relationships and potential for growing the socio-material capital of communities.

Ramirez-Lovering, D., Spasojevic, D., & Prescott, M. F. (2020). Mapping informal settlements: a process for action. In M. Pedersen Zari, P. Connolly, & M. Southcombe (Eds.), Ecologies Design: Transforming Architecture, Landscape, and Urbanism (1st ed., pp. 138-148). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429279904-18

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Urban planning by experiment at precinct scale: embracing complexity, ambiguity, and multiplicity

Urban living labs have emerged as spatially embedded arenas for governing urban transformation, where heterogenous actor configurations experiment with new practices, institutions, and infrastructures. This article observes a nascent shift towards experimentation at the precinct scale and responds to a need to further investigate relevant processes in urban experimentation at this scale, and identifies particular challenges for urban planning.

Sharp, D., & Raven, R. (2021). Urban planning by experiment at precinct scale: embracing complexity, ambiguity, and multiplicity. Urban Planning, 6(1), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i1.3525

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“Critical agents of change?”: opportunities and limits to children’s participation in urban planning

Children’s participation in urban planning impacts communities. A policy environment supports their participation, yet this is far from mainstream, particularly in areas of greatest vulnerability. This literature review demonstrates what we do and don’t know about barriers and enablers to children’s participation in urban planning. We identify key themes within participatory methods, processes, and structures that influence urban planning stages and methods and identify the consequences of children’s inclusion or exclusion. We then argue for a research agenda that examines institutional impacts on urban planning and decisions that include or exclude children to contribute to a transformation of on-ground practices.

Mansfield, R. G., Batagol, B., & Raven, R. (Accepted/In press). “Critical agents of change?”: opportunities and limits to children’s participation in urban planning. Journal of Planning Literature. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412220988645

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Towards environmentally sustainable food systems: decision-making factors in sustainable food production and consumption

A transformation of the food system will require action and changes in decision making from individuals across the entire food system. This paper synthesises the literature and develops a framework for analysing the factors which influence decision making for sustainable food practices, with a focus on two key actors: primary producers and consumers.

Hoek, A. C., Malekpour, S., Raven, R., Court, E., & Byrne, E. (2021). Towards environmentally sustainable food systems: decision-making factors in sustainable food production and consumption. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26, 610-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.009

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Transforming built environments: Towards carbon neutral and blue-green cities

In the 21st century, the creation of built environments that are carbon neutral and water sensitive is critical for addressing sustainable urban development challenges. Both require transformative change: Decarbonisation to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and incorporation of green-blue water sensitive solutions to adapt to climate change impacts. Transition pathways in both arenas involve combinations of new technology, innovative urban design, enabling policies and regulations, new processes for planning and managing urban development, and demand-side changes in consumer attitudes and practices for urban living related to energy and water use.

Newton, P., & Rogers, B. (2020). Transforming built environments: Towards carbon neutral and blue-green cities. Sustainability, 12(11), [4745]. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114745

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An interdisciplinary and catchment approach to enhancing urban flood resilience: a Melbourne case

This paper presents a novel interdisciplinary and catchment-based approach for exploring urban flood resilience. Our research identified and developed a diverse set of adaptation measures for Elwood, a suburb in Melbourne, Australia, that is vulnerable to pluvial and coastal flooding. We drew on methods from social science, urban design and environmental engineering to gain integrated insights into the opportunities for Elwood to increase its flood resilience and urban liveability. Results showed that an appropriate balance of social, infrastructural and urban design responses would be required to retreat from, accommodate and protect against flood risk.

Rogers, B. C., Bertram, N., Gersonius, B., Gunn, A., Lowe, R., Murphy, C., Pasman, R., Radhakrishnan, M., Urich, C., Wong, T. H. F., & Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K. (2020). An interdisciplinary and catchment approach to enhancing urban flood resilience: a Melbourne case. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 378(2168), [20190201]. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0201

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City design for health and resilience in hot and dry climates

The health of people living in cities is affected by urban design elements including density, distribution of land use, building design, transport infrastructure, green spaces, opportunities for social interaction, and accessibility to work, education, healthy food, and culture.12 Several of these elements pose particular challenges when designing healthy cities in hot and dry regions such as the Middle East, where weather may constrain active transport, outdoor recreational physical activity, and outdoor socializing.

Negev, M., Khreis, H., Rogers, B. C., Shaheen, M., & Erell, E. (2020). City design for health and resilience in hot and dry climates. The BMJ, 371, [m3000]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3000

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Transforming cities through water-sensitive principles and practices

Many global cities and towns are facing complex and interrelated challenges associated with population growth, resource constraints, aging infrastructure, and degraded environments, exacerbated by increasing climate uncertainty. The United Nation's Agenda 2030 is a global call to action with 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Water is the common currency linking nearly every SDG. SDG 11 aspires to “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable” and the water-sensitive city represents an aspirational future state for water management where servicing strategies deliver long-term sustainability, liveability, resilience, and prosperity.

Wong, T. H. F., Rogers, B. C., & Brown, R. R. (2020). Transforming cities through water-sensitive principles and practices. One Earth, 3(4), 436-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.09.012

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Understanding the context of racial and cultural exclusivism: A study of Melbourne neighbourhoods

The growth in Australia’s population from increased immigration is changing the ethnic, socio-structural and physical landscapes of urban neighbourhoods and significantly altering relationships within these areas. These changes can be enormously positive, but can also pose a challenge for the development and maintenance of neighbourhood networks and social inclusion.

Wickes, Rebecca; Grossman, Michele; Forbes-Mewett, Helen; Dharmalingham, Arunachalam; Smith, Jonathan; Skrbis, Zlatko; et al. (2020): Understanding the context of racial and cultural exclusivism: A study of Melbourne neighbourhoods (Executive Summary). Monash University. Report. https://doi.org/10.26180/5e6ee32b45cdd

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Neighbourhood places, collective efficacy and crime: A longitudinal perspective

Neighbourhood places like shops, cafes and parks support a variety of social interactions ranging from the ephemeral to the intimate. Repeated interactions at neighbourhood places over time lay the foundation for the development of social cohesion and collective efficacy. In this study, we examine the proposition that changes in the presence or arrangement of neighbourhood places can destabilise social cohesion and collective efficacy, which has implications for crime.

Zahnow, R., Corcoran, J., Kimpton, A., & Wickes, R. (Accepted/In press). Neighbourhood places, collective efficacy and crime: A longitudinal perspective. Urban Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211008820

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Outlaw motorcycle gangs and neighbourhood crime

This study examines the spatial concentration of outlaw motorcycle gang (OMCG) incidents in Melbourne, Australia. The aim of this paper is to explore how OMCG incidents cluster and to identify the neighbourhood-specific characteristics and crime attractors that are associated with the presence of such incidents.

Lakeman, L., Benier, K., & Wickes, R. (Accepted/In press). Outlaw motorcycle gangs and neighbourhood crime. Current Issues in Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2021.1922157

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The vicarious effects of hate: inter-ethnic hate crime in the neighborhood and its consequences for exclusion and anticipated rejection

Neighbourhood places like shops, cafes and parks support a variety of social interactions ranging from the ephemeral to the intimate. Repeated interactions at neighbourhood places over time lay the foundation for the development of social cohesion and collective efficacy. In this study, we examine the proposition that changes in the presence or arrangement of neighbourhood places can destabilise social cohesion and collective efficacy, which has implications for crime.

Keel, C., Wickes, R., & Benier, K. (Accepted/In press). The vicarious effects of hate: inter-ethnic hate crime in the neighborhood and its consequences for exclusion and anticipated rejection. Ethnic and Racial Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1930094

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