ANZIC-RC Health Economics Program
The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre Health Economics Program is led by Dr Lisa Higgins. The aims of the Health Economics Program are:
- Promote the inclusion of economic analyses in intensive care clinical trials
- Develop standard methodology for economic evaluation alongside intensive care trials
- Develop methods to efficiently collect resource use data in trial cohorts (including data linkage for post-hospital healthcare resource use and the addition of resource use data points into existing intensive care (and other) databases)
- Develop standardised costings for use in intensive care economic evaluations
- Provide opportunities for mentoring and for health economics training relevant to critical care.
The Health Economics Program Team includes:
Key Publications
The Role of Policy in Advancing Innovative Trial Designs
Health Economic Evaluations in Intensive Care: An Updated Systematic Review
Costs of Australian intensive care: A systematic review
How environmental impact is considered in economic evaluations of critical care: a scoping review
Uptake of health economic evaluations alongside clinical trials in Australia: an observational study
Economic Evaluations - In Progress
Health Economic Analysis Plans
Health Economic Analysis plan for a randomised controlled trial comparing balanced multi-electrolyte solution with 0.9% sodium chloride as fluid therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis (BEST-DKA). Orman Z, Ramanan M, Venkatesh B, Higgins A. V1.0, 10 June 2026
Health Economic Analysis Plan for the Fibrinogen Early in Severe Trauma (FEISTY II) Study. Orman Z, McQuilten Z, Winearls J, Cooper J, Reade M, French C, Presneill J, Balogh Z, Moore J, Wood E, Ady B, Higgins A. V1.0, 9 June 2026
Health Economic Analysis Plan for the Australasian Resuscitation In Sepsis Evaluation: FLUid or vasopressors In emergency Department Sepsis (ARISE FLUIDS) trial. V1.1, 4 March 2026
Health Economic Analysis Plan for the SODa-BIC Trial: Comparing sodium bicarbonate with placebo in the prevention of major adverse kidney events among critically ill adults with metabolic acidosis. V2.0, 25 February 2026
Low OxyGen Intervention for Cardiac Arrest injury Limitation (LOGICAL) trial: Health economic analysis plan for a multi-centre, randomised, single-blinded clinical trial comparing conservative vs. liberal oxygenation targets in adults with suspected hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy following a cardiac arrest who are invasively mechanical ventilated in the intensive care unit. Orman Z, Hodgson C, Young P, Bailey M, Mackle D, Mather A, Higgins A. Version 2.0, 28 January 2026
Cost-effectiveness of Tranexamic Acid for Severe Trauma Patients: Study protocol for the economic evaluation of the Pre-hospital Antifibrinolytics for Traumatic Coagulopathy and Haemorrhage (PATCH-Trauma) trial. Higgins A, Fagery M, Carrandi L, Gruen R, Mitra B, Ng N, Myles P, Forbes A. Version 3.0, December 2025
Blend to Limit OxygEN in ECMO: A RanDomised ControllEd Registry Trial (The BLENDER Trial): Health Economic Analysis Plan. Higgins A, Burrell A, Pilcher D, Hodgson C, Papanikolaou V, Carrandi L, Ng N, Orman Z, Charles-Nelson A. Version 1.0, 22 July 2025.
Statistical Analysis Plans
Healthcare Resource Utilisation and Costs Before and After ECMO in Australia: A Retrospective Cohort Data Linkage Study (ECMO-LINK) V1.0, 18th May 2026
Study Links
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EXCEL
The Australian and New Zealand Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Registry
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POLAR-RCT
The Prophylactic Hypothermia Trial to Lessen Traumatic Brain Injury–Randomised Clinical Trial
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PROTECTION-EE
Economic Evaluation Analysis Plan for the PROTECTION Trial: Intravenous Amino Acids Therapy as Renal Protection in Cardiac Surgery
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RECOMMEND
Generating new evidence to REduce major COMplications to iMprove the safety and efficacy of Extracorporeal membrane oxygenatioN (ECMO) in severe carDiac and respiratory failure Platform Trial
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STRAP
Streptococcal Adaptive Platform
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ARISE FLUIDS
Australasian Resuscitation In Sepsis Evaluation: FLUid or vasopressors In emergency Department Sepsis
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SODa-BIC
SODium BICarbonate for Metabolic Acidosis in the Intensive Care Unit (SODa-BIC): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind clinical trial
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LOGICAL
Low OxyGen Intervention for Cardiac Arrest injury Limitation trial
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BEST-DKA
Comparing balanced multi-electrolyte solution with 0.9% sodium chloride as fluid therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis
Economic Evaluations - Completed
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TRANSFUSE
An Economic Evaluation of the Standard Issue Transfusion Versus Fresher Red-Cell Use in Intensive Care (TRANSFUSE) Clinical Trial
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EPO-TBI
Effectiveness of Erythropoietin in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multinational Trial-Based Economic Analysis
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ARISE
The cost-effectiveness of early goal directed therapy: an economic evaluation alongside the ARISE trial
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TAME
Cost-effectiveness of mild hypercapnia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a health economic evaluation alongside the TAME study
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TEAM
An Economic Evaluation Alongside the Treatment of Mechanically Ventilated Adults With Early Activity and Mobilization (TEAM) Trial
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CLIP II
Cost-Effectiveness of Cryopreserved vs Liquid-Stored Platelets for Managing Surgical Bleeding