Antibiotics
Audit and Feedback Tools
Antibiotics
Click on the titles below to view a summary of the Audit and Feedback Tool and a link for getting access to it.
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country Switzerland Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure 2) (PDF) Format Written Language English, German, French Citation Aghlmandi S, Halbeisen FS, Saccilotto R, Godet P, Signorell A, Sigrist S, Glinz D, Moffa G, Zeller A, Widmer AF, Kronenberg A, Bielicki J, Bucher HC. Effect of antibiotic prescription audit and feedback on antibiotic prescribing in primary care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2023 Mar 1;183(3):213-220. Year published 2023 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention 1: clinical nudge (prescribing choice prompt + monthly peer comparison feedback report);
Intervention 2: patient nudge (text messages to remind patients to discuss the statin during their GP consultation); Intervention 3: combined conditions in arm 2 and arm 3
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Hospital inpatient Country Switzerland Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure S3) (PDF) Format Written Language French Citation Catho G, Sauser J, Coray V, Da Silva S, Elzi L, Harbarth S, Kaiser L, Marti C, Meyer R, Pagnamenta F, Portela J, Prendki V, Ranzani A, Centemero NS, Stirnemann J, Valotti R, Vernaz N, Suter BW, Bernasconi E, Huttner BD; COMPASS study group. Impact of interactive computerised decision support for hospital antibiotic use (COMPASS): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial in three Swiss hospitals. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2022 Oct;22(10):1493-1502. Year published 2022 Description of groups Control: receiving: A&F + teaching sessions + benchmarking; Intervention: A&F + decision-support (for type and duration of treatment) + self-guided re-evaluation of initial prescription
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country China Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (JPG) Format Electronic dashboard (Health Information System) Language English Citation Chang Y, Sangthong R, McNeil EB, Tang L, Chongsuvivatwong V. Effect of a computer network-based feedback program on antibiotic prescription rates of primary care physicians: A cluster randomized crossover-controlled trial. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2020 Sep;13(9):1297-1303. Year published 2020 Description of groups Control: receiving: no intervention; Intervention: A&F every 10 days on antibiotic prescribing
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country New Zealand Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure 2) (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Chappell N, Gerard C, Gyani A, Hamblin R, Jansen RM, Lawrence A, Mackay J, Minko N, Roberts S, Shuker C, Te Karu L, White J. Using a randomised controlled trial to test the effectiveness of social norms feedback to reduce antibiotic prescribing without increasing inequities. New Zealand Medical Journal. 2021 Oct 22;134(1544):13-34. Year published 2021 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F letter with social norm info
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country England Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure S1) (PDF) Format Electronic dashboard Language English Citation Curtis HJ, Bacon S, Croker R, Walker AJ, Perera R, Hallsworth M, Harper H, Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Goldacre B. Evaluating the impact of a very low-cost intervention to increase practices' engagement with data and change prescribing behaviour: a randomized trial in English primary care. Family Practice. 2021 Jul 28;38(4):373-380. Year published 2021 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention 1: A&F with same message sent three times;
Intervention 2: A&F with same message sent three times
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Nursing homes Country Canada Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written, electronic dashboard Language English Citation Daneman N, Lee SM, Bai H, Bell CM, Bronskill SE, Campitelli MA, Dobell G, Fu L, Garber G, Ivers N, Lam JMC, Langford BJ, Laur C, Morris A, Mulhall C, Pinto R, Saxena FE, Schwartz KL, Brown KA. Population-wide peer comparison audit and feedback to reduce antibiotic initiation and duration in long-term care facilities with embedded randomized controlled trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021 Sep 15;73(6):e1296-e1304. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab256
Year published 2021 Description of groups Intervention 1: Dynamic A&F; Intervention 2: Static A&F
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Nursing homes Country Canada Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Daneman N, Lee S, Bai H, Bell CM, Bronskill SE, Campitelli MA, Dobell G, Fu L, Garber G, Ivers N, Kumar M, Lam JMC, Langford B, Laur C, Morris AM, Mulhall CL, Pinto R, Saxena FE, Schwartz KL, Brown KA. Behavioral nudges to improve audit and feedback report opening among antibiotic prescribers: a randomized controlled trial. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2022 Mar 2;9(5):ofac111. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac111
Year published 2022 Description of groups Intervention 1: A&F email with social peer comparison nudge; Intervention 2: A&F email with "a maintenance of professional certification incentive nudge";
Intervention 3: A&F email with a prior participation nudge
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Dentists Setting Dental clinic Country Scotland Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Elouafkaoui P, Young L, Newlands R, Duncan EM, Elders A, Clarkson JE, Ramsay CR; Translation Research in a Dental Setting (TRiaDS) Research Methodology Group. An Audit and Feedback Intervention for Reducing Antibiotic Prescribing in General Dental Practice: The RAPiD Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. PLoS Medicine. 2016 Aug 30;13(8):e1002115. Year published 2016 Description of groups Control: No feedback; Intervention: AF with various components to dentists about antibiotics
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country England Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Gold N, Ratajczak M, Sallis A, Saei A, Watson R, Van Schaik P, Bowen S, Chadborn T. Provision of social-norms feedback to general practices whose antibiotic prescribing is increasing: a national randomized controlled trial. Journal of Public Health. 2022;30:2351–8. Year published 2022 Description of groups Control: overall prescribing letter; Intervention 1: broad-spectrum letter A&F;
Intervention 2: broad-spectrum letter A&F
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country England Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Gold N, Sallis A, Saei A, Arambepola R, Watson R, Bowen S, Franklin M, Chadborn T. Using text and charts to provide social norm feedback to general practices with high overall and high broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing: a series of national randomised controlled trials. Trials. 2022 Jun 18;23(1):511. Year published 2022 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F (social norm benchmarking)
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Clinical condition Antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country UK Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Hallsworth M, Chadborn T, Sallis A, Sanders M, Berry D, Greaves F, Clements L, Davies SC. Provision of social norm feedback to high prescribers of antibiotics in general practice: a pragmatic national randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2016 Apr 23;387(10029):1743-52. Year published 2016 Description of groups Control 1: no intervention; Control 2: patient education materials;
Intervention 1: A&F + patient-education materials;
Intervention 2: A&F + patient-education materials (leaflet, poster, letter)
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Canada Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Appendix 1) (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Hux JE, Melady MP, DeBoer D. Confidential prescriber feedback and education to improve antibiotic use in primary care: a controlled trial. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1999 Aug 24;161(4):388-92. Year published 1999 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F + educational bulletins
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Clinical condition Antimicrobial prophylaxis Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Internal Medicine Setting Hospital inpatient Country USA Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Appendix) (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation Kritchevsky SB, Braun BI, Bush AJ, Bozikis MR, Kusek L, Burke JP, Wong ES, Jernigan J, Davis CC, Simmons B; TRAPE Study Group. The effect of a quality improvement collaborative to improve antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical patients: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2008 Oct 7;149(7):472-80, W89-93. Year published 2008 Description of groups Intervention 1: A&F + intervention meetings/conference calls; Intervention 2: A&F only
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing/counselling Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country China Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English, Chinese Citation Shen X, Lu M, Feng R, Cheng J, Chai J, Xie M, Dong X, Jiang T, Wang D. Web-Based Just-in-Time Information and Feedback on Antibiotic Use for Village Doctors in Rural Anhui, China: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2018 Feb 14;20(2):e53. DOI: 10.2196/jmir.8922
Year published 2018 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country Canada Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (eAppendix) (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Schwartz KL, Ivers N, Langford BJ, Taljaard M, Neish D, Brown KA, Leung V, Daneman N, Alloo J, Silverman M, Shing E, Grimshaw JM, Leis JA, Wu JHC, Garber G. Effect of antibiotic-prescribing feedback to high-volume primary care physicians on number of antibiotic prescriptions: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2021 Sep 1;181(9):1165-1173. Year published 2021 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention 1: A&F;
Intervention 2: A&F
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family/Paediatrics/Infectious disease Setting General medicine, paediatrics, infectious disease outpatient clinics Country Iran Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English, Arabic Citation Soleymani F, Rashidian A, Hosseini M, Dinarvand R, Kebriaeezade A, Abdollahi M. Effectiveness of audit and feedback in addressing over prescribing of antibiotics and injectable medicines in a middle-income country: an RCT. Daru: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019 Jun;27(1):101-109. Year published 2019 Description of groups Control 1: educational materials; Control 2: no intervention;
Intervention 1: regular A&F;
Intervention 2: new A&F
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Clinical condition Infectious disease, pulmonary disease and gastroenterology Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Infectious disease/pulmonary medicine/gastroenterology Setting Hospital inpatient Country Norway Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Verbal (interactive) Language English, Norwegian Citation Wathne JS, Kleppe LKS, Harthug S, Blix HS, Nilsen RM, Charani E; Bergen Intervention Teams; Smith I. The effect of antibiotic stewardship interventions with stakeholder involvement in hospital settings: a multicentre, cluster randomized controlled intervention study. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 2018 Sep 10;7:109. Year published 2018 Description of groups Control 1: no intervention; Control 2: academic detailing;
Intervention: A&F
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Internal medicine Setting Hospital inpatient Country India Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (JPG) Format Written Language English Citation Wattal C, Goel N, Khanna S, Byotra SP, Laxminarayan R, Easton A. Impact of informational feedback to clinicians on antibiotic-prescribing rates in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2015 Apr-Jun;33(2):255-9. Year published 2015 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F
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Clinical condition Antibiotics Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country China Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure 4) (PDF) Format Electronic dashboard Language English, Chinese Citation Yang J, Cui Z, Liao X, He X, Wang L, Wei D, Wu S, Chang Y. Effects of a feedback intervention on antibiotic prescription control in primary care institutions based on a Health Information System: a cluster randomized cross-over controlled trial. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 2023 Jun;33:51-60. Year published 2023 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: real-time pop-up warning message, a 10-day antibiotic prescription feedback summary, and distribution of educational manuals
For additional Antibiotic tools relevant to other clinical areas please refer to the following categories – Urinary tract infections (UTI) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) and Respiratory disease.
The tools published on the Monash University Audit and Feedback website were available in the trial publication or provided by the trial authors. The website includes material that is not owned by Monash University. Should you choose to republish or re-disseminate this material, you are required to seek permission from the trial authors. If the information is used for educational purposes, please acknowledge the trial authors. For any questions or queries related to this website, please contact Audit_and_Feedback@monash.edu.