Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes
Audit and Feedback Tools
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes
Click on the titles below to view a summary of the Audit and Feedback Tool and a link for getting access to it.
Acute myocardial infarction
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Clinical condition Acute myocardial infarction Clinical behaviour category Prescribing, counselling, other Recipient/Clinical discipline Internal medicine Setting Hospital inpatient Country Canada Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure 1) (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Beck CA, Richard H, Tu JV, Pilote L. Administrative Data Feedback for Effective Cardiac Treatment: AFFECT, a cluster randomized trial. JAMA. 2005 Jul 20;294(3):309-17. Year published 2005 Description of groups Intervention 1: report cards (rapid feedback); Intervention 2: report cards (delayed feedback)
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Clinical condition Acute myocardial infarction Clinical behaviour category Treatment decision/action Recipient/Clinical discipline Cardiology Setting Hospital inpatient Country India Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation Huffman MD, Mohanan PP, Devarajan R, Baldridge AS, Kondal D, Zhao L, Ali M, Krishnan MN, Natesan S, Gopinath R, Viswanathan S, Stigi J, Joseph J, Chozhakkat S, Lloyd-Jones DM, Prabhakaran D; Acute Coronary Syndrome Quality Improvement in Kerala (ACS QUIK) Investigators. Effect of a Quality Improvement Intervention on Clinical Outcomes in Patients in India With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The ACS QUIK Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018 Feb 13;319(6):567-578. Year published 2018 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F + education + guidelines
Cardiac arrest
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Clinical condition Cardiac arrest Clinical behaviour category Treatment decision/action Recipient/Clinical discipline Emergency medicine Setting Hospital inpatient Country Canada Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation Morrison LJ, Brooks SC, Dainty KN, Dorian P, Needham DM, Ferguson ND, Rubenfeld GD, Slutsky AS, Wax RS, Zwarenstein M, Thorpe K, Zhan C, Scales DC; Strategies for Post-Arrest Care Network. Improving use of targeted temperature management after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine. 2015 May;43(5):954-64. Year published 2015 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F + local detailing (education)
Cardiovascular disease
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Clinical condition Cardiovascular disease Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country USA Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure 2) (PDF) Format Electronic (Electronic health record) Language English Citation Adusumalli S, Kanter GP, Small DS, Asch DA, Volpp KG, Park SH, Gitelman Y, Do D, Leri D, Rhodes C, VanZandbergen C, Howell JT, Epps M, Cavella AM, Wenger M, Harrington TO, Clark K, Westover JE, Snider CK, Patel MS. Effect of nudges to clinicians, patients, or both to increase statin prescribing: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiology. 2023 Jan 1;8(1):23-30. Year published 2023 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention 1: A&F + peer benchmarking
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Clinical condition Cardiovascular disease Clinical behaviour category Testing/exams Recipient/Clinical discipline Cardiology Setting Hospital outpatient clinic Country Canada/USA Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure 1, 4) (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Bhatia RS, Ivers NM, Yin XC, Myers D, Nesbitt GC, Edwards J, Yared K, Wadhera RK, Wu JC, Kithcart AP, Wong BM, Hansen MS, Weinerman AS, Shadowitz S, Elman D, Farkouh ME, Thavendiranathan P, Udell JA, Johri AM, Chow CM, Hall J, Bouck Z, Cohen A, Thorpe KE, Rakowski H, Picard MH, Weiner RB. Improving the Appropriate Use of Transthoracic Echocardiography: The Echo WISELY Trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2017 Aug 29;70(9):1135-1144. Year published 2017 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: 20-min video lecture + decision support phone app + A&F
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Clinical condition Cardiovascular disease Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Canada Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Dormuth CR, Carney G, Taylor S, Bassett K, Maclure M. A randomized trial assessing the impact of a personal printed feedback portrait on statin prescribing in primary care. The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 2012 Summer;32(3):153-62. DOI: 10.1002/chp.21140
Year published 2012 Description of groups Intervention 1: A&F + evidence-based messages; Intervention 2: delayed audit & feedback + evidence-based messages
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Clinical condition Cardiovascular disease Clinical behaviour category Prescribing, screening Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Norway Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Verbal (didactic) Language Norwegian Citation Fretheim A, Oxman AD, Håvelsrud K, Treweek S, Kristoffersen DT, Bjørndal A. Rational prescribing in primary care (RaPP): a cluster randomized trial of a tailored intervention. PLoS Medicine. 2006 Jun;3(6):e134. Year published 2006 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: educational outreach visit + computerized reminders + guidelines + A&F
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Clinical condition Cardiovascular disease Clinical behaviour category Testing/exams, counselling Recipient/Clinical discipline Cardiology Setting Cardiology clinic Country Netherlands Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure 1) (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation Gude WT, van Engen-Verheul MM, van der Veer SN, Kemps HM, Jaspers MW, de Keizer NF, Peek N. Effect of a web-based audit and feedback intervention with outreach visits on the clinical performance of multidisciplinary teams: a cluster-randomized trial in cardiac rehabilitation. Implementation Science. 2016 Dec 9;11(1):160. Year published 2016 Description of groups Intervention 1 (psychological rehab): A&F + goal setting/action planning + educational outreach; Intervention 2 (physical rehab): A&F + goal setting/action planning + educational outreach
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Clinical condition Cardiovascular disease Clinical behaviour category Prescribing, counselling Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family/internal medicine clinics Setting Primary care and hospital outpatient clinics Country Brazil Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Appendix 3) (PDF) Format Written and verbal Language English Citation Machline-Carrion MJ, Soares RM, Damiani LP, Campos VB, Sampaio B, Fonseca FH, Izar MC, Amodeo C, Pontes-Neto OM, Santos JY, Gomes SPDC, Saraiva JFK, Ramacciotti E, Barros E Silva PGM, Lopes RD, Brandão da Silva N, Guimarães HP, Piegas L, Stein AT, Berwanger O; BRIDGE Cardiovascular Prevention Investigators. Effect of a Multifaceted Quality Improvement Intervention on the Prescription of Evidence-Based Treatment in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk in Brazil: The BRIDGE Cardiovascular Prevention Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiology. 2019 May 1;4(5):408-417. Year published 2019 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: case management + A&F + decision support + educational materials
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Clinical condition Cardiovascular disease Clinical behaviour category Screening, prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country USA Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Appendix) (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation Ornstein S, Jenkins RG, Nietert PJ, Feifer C, Roylance LF, Nemeth L, Corley S, Dickerson L, Bradford WD, Litvin C. A multimethod quality improvement intervention to improve preventive cardiovascular care: a cluster randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004 Oct 5;141(7):523-32. Year published 2004 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F + academic detailing + guidelines/best practices
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Clinical condition Cardiovascular disease Clinical behaviour category Screening, prescribing, testing/exams Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Australia Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Electronic dashboard Language English Citation Peiris D, Usherwood T, Panaretto K, Harris M, Hunt J, Redfern J, Zwar N, Colagiuri S, Hayman N, Lo S, Patel B, Lyford M, MacMahon S, Neal B, Sullivan D, Cass A, Jackson R, Patel A. Effect of a computer-guided, quality improvement program for cardiovascular disease risk management in primary health care: the treatment of cardiovascular risk using electronic decision support cluster-randomized trial. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2015 Jan;8(1):87-95. Year published 2015 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F + training + computerized decision support
Cholesterol management
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Clinical condition Cholesterol management Clinical behaviour category Prescribing, screening Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family/internal medicine Setting Primary care Country USA Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Verbal (interactive) Language English Citation Bertoni AG, Bonds DE, Chen H, Hogan P, Crago L, Rosenberger E, Barham AH, Clinch CR, Goff DC Jr. Impact of a multifaceted intervention on cholesterol management in primary care practices: guideline adherence for heart health randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009 Apr 13;169(7):678-86. Year published 2009 Description of groups Intervention 1: guidelines + lecture + A&F + academic detailing; Intervention 2: personal digital assistant + guidelines + lecture + A&F + academic detailing
Chronic vascular disease
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Clinical condition Chronic vascular disease Clinical behaviour category Testing/exams Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Australia Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation Harris MF, Parker SM, Litt J, van Driel M, Russell G, Mazza D, Jayasinghe UW, Del Mar C, Lloyd J, Smith J, Zwar N, Taylor R, Powell Davies G; Preventive Evidence into Practice Partnership Group. Implementing guidelines to routinely prevent chronic vascular disease in primary care: the Preventive Evidence into Practice cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2015 Dec 11;5(12):e009397. Year published 2015 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F + practice facilitation + group training
Diabetes
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Clinical condition Diabetes type 2 Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Belgium Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language Dutch Citation Goderis G, Borgermans L, Grol R, Van Den Broeke C, Boland B, Verbeke G, Carbonez A, Mathieu C, Heyrman J. Start improving the quality of care for people with type 2 diabetes through a general practice support program: a cluster randomized trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2010 Apr;88(1):56-64. Year published 2010 Description of groups Intervention 1: treatment protocol + A&F + education + case-coaching; Intervention 2: treatment protocol + A&F + education + case-coaching + intensified follow-up with GPs + shared care protocol
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Clinical condition Diabetes type 2 Clinical behaviour category Testing/exams, counselling Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Japan Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language Japanese Citation Hayashino Y, Suzuki H, Yamazaki K, Goto A, Izumi K, Noda M. A cluster randomized trial on the effect of a multifaceted intervention improved the technical quality of diabetes care by primary care physicians: The Japan Diabetes Outcome Intervention Trial-2 (J-DOIT2). Diabetic Medicine. 2016 May;33(5):599-608. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12949
Year published 2016 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F + reminders
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Clinical condition Diabetes type 2 Clinical behaviour category Screening/Counselling Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care + hospital outpatient clinics Country Belgium, Greece, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, UK Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Hermans MP, Elisaf M, Michel G, Muls E, Nobels F, Vandenberghe H, Brotons C; OPTIMISE International Steering Committee. Benchmarking is associated with improved quality of care in type 2 diabetes: the OPTIMISE randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013 Nov;36(11):3388-95. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1853
Year published 2013 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F
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Clinical condition Diabetes mellitus Clinical behaviour category Testing/exams Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country Switzerland Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English, German Citation Meier R, Chmiel C, Valeri F, Muheim L, Senn O, Rosemann T. The effect of financial incentives on quality measures in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2022 Feb;37(3):556-564. Year published 2022 Description of groups Intervention 1: Bimonthly feedback reports with financial incentives; Intervention 2: Bimonthly feedback reports without financial incentives
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Clinical condition Diabetic retinopathy Clinical behaviour category Testing/exams Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country Ireland Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (TIDieR) (PDF) Format Verbal Language English Citation Riordan F, Murphy A, Dillon C, Browne J, Kearney PM, Smith SM, McHugh SM. Feasibility of a multifaceted implementation intervention to improve attendance at diabetic retinopathy screening in primary care in Ireland: a cluster randomised pilot trial. BMJ Open. 2021 Oct 19;11(10):e051951. Year published 2021 Description of groups Control: waiting list; Intervention: practice reimbursement, an audit of attendance, electronic prompts targeting professionals, General Practice-endorsed patient reminders and a patient information leaflet
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Clinical condition Diabetes type 2 Clinical behaviour category Testing/exams Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Netherlands Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language Dutch, English Citation van Bruggen R, Gorter KJ, Stolk RP, Verhoeven RP, Rutten GE. Implementation of locally adapted guidelines on type 2 diabetes. Family Practice. 2008 Dec;25(6):430-7. Year published 2008 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F + facilitated support + education
Diabetes and ischemic heart disease
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Clinical condition Diabetes, ischemic heart disease Clinical behaviour category Prescribing, testing/exams Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Canada Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Ivers NM, Tu K, Young J, Francis JJ, Barnsley J, Shah BR, Upshur RE, Moineddin R, Grimshaw JM, Zwarenstein M. Feedback GAP: pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial of goal setting and action plans to increase the effectiveness of audit and feedback interventions in primary care. Implementation Science. 2013 Dec 17;8:142. Year published 2013 Description of groups Intervention 1: A&F + worksheet; Intervention 2: A&F
Falls and stroke prevention
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Clinical condition Falls and stroke prevention Clinical behaviour category Prescribing, treatment decision/action Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Australia Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Verbal (didactic) Language English Citation Crotty M, Whitehead C, Rowett D, Halbert J, Weller D, Finucane P, Esterman A. An outreach intervention to implement evidence based practice in residential care: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN67855475]. BMC Health Services Research. 2004 Apr 6;4(1):6. Year published 2004 Description of groups Control: audit of clinical practice but no feedback; Intervention: academic detailing + A&F + pharmacist visit
Heart failure
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Clinical condition Heart failure Clinical behaviour category Prescribing, testing/exams, treatment decision/action, counselling, immunisation Recipient/Clinical discipline Cardiology Setting Hospital inpatient Country USA Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure 2) (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation DeVore AD, Cox M, Heidenreich PA, Fonarow GC, Yancy CW, Eapen ZJ, Peterson ED, Hernandez AF. Cluster-Randomized Trial of Personalized Site Performance Feedback in Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2015 Jul;8(4):421-7. Year published 2015 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F + teleconferences/webinars
Hypertension
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Clinical condition Hypertension Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Hospital outpatient clinic Country USA Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Petersen LA, Simpson K, Pietz K, Urech TH, Hysong SJ, Profit J, Conrad DA, Dudley RA, Woodard LD. Effects of individual physician-level and practice-level financial incentives on hypertension care: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2013 Sep 11;310(10):1042-50. Year published 2013 Description of groups Intervention 1: A&F + education + individual-level financial incentives; Intervention 2: A&F + education + practice-level financial incentives;
Intervention 3: A&F + education + individual-level and practice-level financial incentives;
Intervention 4: A&F + education
Interrelated chronic vascular disease
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Clinical condition Interrelated chronic vascular disease Clinical behaviour category Diagnosis Recipient/Clinical discipline Primary care physicians Setting Primary care Country Australia Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Electronic – technology tool Language English Citation Jones JL, Simons K, Manski-Nankervis JA, Lumsden NG, Fernando S, de Courten MP, Cox N, Hamblin PS, Janus ED, Nelson CL. Chronic disease IMPACT (chronic disease early detection and improved management in primary care project): An Australian stepped wedge cluster randomised trial. Digital Health. 2023 Aug 14;9:20552076231194948. Year published 2023 Description of groups Intervention 1: 2 intervention clusters in 4 periods (each) and 2 control clusters in 1 period; Intervention 2: 2 intervention clusters in 3 periods (each) and 2 control clusters in 2 periods (each);
Intervention 3: 2 intervention clusters in 2 periods (each) and 2 control clusters in 3 periods (each);
Intervention 4: 2 intervention clusters in 1 period and 2 control clusters in 4 periods (each)
Pulmonary embolism
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Clinical condition Pulmonary embolism Clinical behaviour category Testing/exams Recipient/Clinical discipline Emergency medicine Setting Hospital inpatient Country USA Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (Figure 1) (PDF) Format Written Language English Citation Raja AS, Ip IK, Dunne RM, Schuur JD, Mills AM, Khorasani R. Effects of Performance Feedback Reports on Adherence to Evidence-Based Guidelines in Use of CT for Evaluation of Pulmonary Embolism in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Trial. AJR American Journal of Roentgenology. 2015 Nov;205(5):936-40. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.15.14677
Year published 2015 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F
Rheumatic heart disease
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Clinical condition Rheumatic heart disease Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Community care Country Australia Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation Ralph AP, de Dassel JL, Kirby A, Read C, Mitchell AG, Maguire GP, Currie BJ, Bailie RS, Johnston V, Carapetis JR. Improving Delivery of Secondary Prophylaxis for Rheumatic Heart Disease in a High-Burden Setting: Outcome of a Stepped-Wedge, Community, Randomized Trial. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2018 Jul 17;7(14):e009308. Year published 2018 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F + monitoring + continuous quality improvement activities
Stroke
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Clinical condition Stroke Clinical behaviour category Screening Recipient/Clinical discipline Neurology Setting Hospital inpatient Country Australia Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation Lynch EA, Cadilhac DA, Luker JA, Hillier SL. Education-only versus a multifaceted intervention for improving assessment of rehabilitation needs after stroke; a cluster randomised trial. Implementation Science. 2016 Sep 7;11(1):120. Year published 2016 Description of groups Control: education; Intervention: education + A&F + reminders + opinion leaders + plan and strategy development
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Clinical condition Stroke Clinical behaviour category Treatment decision/action Recipient/Clinical discipline Physiotherapists, occupational therapists, therapy assistants Setting Stroke rehabilitation centres Country Australia Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation McCluskey A, Ada L, Kelly PJ, Middleton S, Goodall S, Grimshaw JM, Logan P, Longworth M, Karageorge A. A behavior change program to increase outings delivered during therapy to stroke survivors by community rehabilitation teams: The Out-and-About trial. International Journal of Stroke. 2016 Jun;11(4):425-37. Year published 2016 Description of groups Control: mailed guidelines; Intervention: training workshop + educational materials + A&F
Stroke and transient ischemic attack
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Clinical condition Stroke/transient ischemic attack Clinical behaviour category Prescribing Recipient/Clinical discipline GP/family Setting Primary care Country Sweden Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) A&F TOOL (Translated) (PDF)
Format Written Language Danish, English Citation Geary L, Hasselström J, Carlsson AC, Eriksson I, von Euler M. Secondary prevention after stroke/transient ischemic attack: A randomized audit and feedback trial. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2019 Aug;140(2):107-115. DOI: 10.1111/ane.13109
Year published 2019 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: A&F report + guidelines
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Clinical condition Stroke and transient ischemic attack Clinical behaviour category Screening, prescribing, treatment decision/action, counselling Recipient/Clinical discipline Neurology Setting Hospital inpatient Country Brazil, Argentina, Peru Audit and feedback tool A&F TOOL (PDF) Format Written, verbal Language English Citation Machline-Carrion MJ, Santucci EV, Damiani LP, Bahit MC, Málaga G, Pontes-Neto OM, Martins SCO, Zétola VF, Normilio-Silva K, Rodrigues de Freitas G, Gorgulho A, De Salles A, Pacheco da Silva BG, Santos JY, de Andrade Jesuíno I, Bueno PRT, Cavalcanti AB, Guimarães HP, Xian Y, Bettger JP, Lopes RD, Peterson ED, Berwanger O; BRIDGE-Stroke Investigators. Effect of a Quality Improvement Intervention on Adherence to Therapies for Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurology. 2019 Aug 1;76(8):932-941. Year published 2019 Description of groups Control: no intervention; Intervention: individual case prompts + educational materials + A&F + on-site training + web and phone-based training
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