何

하

어찌 하

prep.

What, why

我亦不以芳幹爲無罪也。 然上王欲保全之, 我何敢違父王之心乎? "I also do not think (Yi) Panggan innocent. However, since His Majesty wishes to protect him, why would I violate this desire?" Sejong 2. 1418/11/14. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wda_10011014_005. (DOP)

下

하

아래 하

prep., v

Below. To go down. Refers to location below something else, or movement downward

忠淸道 懷仁、報恩等邑, 雨雹交下, 大如鳥卵, 禾穀盡傷, 監司尹履之啓聞。"Ch’ungch’ŏng Province Governor Yun Iji reported that egg-sized hail mixed with rain fell in areas of Hoein and Poŭn, causing much damage to the rice crop." Injo 7. 1624/10/21. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wpa_10210021_002. (DOP)

下

하

아래 하

n

Inferior, below (socially or administratively)

其管下人民, 或有不卽隨行者。"There may be some under his command/administration who do not follow him promptly." T'aejong 3. 1393/6/1. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/waa_10206001_001. (DOP)

夏

하

여름 하

n.

summer

何故

하고

어찌 하, 예 고

prep.

Why? For what reason?

彼人又有追來者, 何故也? "You say that they are following behind--what is the reason for this?" Hyojong 3. 1650/3/19. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wqa_10103019_001. (DOP)

何不

하부

어찌 하, 아닐 부

prep.

Why not?

由中之言, 何不諒之? "My words are sincere, why can you not understand this?" Kojong 9. 1872/12/8. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wza_10912018_006. (DOP)

何以

하이

어찌 하, 써 이

prep.

How? Why?

顧予否德, 敢奉慈訓, 親摠庶務, 不知何以副國人之望。"Reflecting on myself and seeing my immoral nature, I humbly take these kind words of counsel and preside over the affairs of state, yet I don't know how I could fulfill the wishes of the people." Ch'ŏlchong 4. 1852/1/15. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wya_10301015_003. (DOP)

學

학

배울 학

v, n

To learn, to study. Learning, study.

早歲不學, 是乃終身之恨也. "To neglect learning at an early age is to incur a lifetime of regret." Sejong 32. 1426/6/11. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wda_10806011_002. (DOP)

恨

한

한할 한

v

To regret.

上仁厚, 吾得延生, 已踰月矣。 死亦何恨! "It has already been more than a month since Your benevolent Majesty has generously spared my life. Even if I day, what regret would I have?" Chŏngjong 3. 1400/2/25. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wba_10202025_003. (DOP)

漢

한

한수 한

n

Name of a river. The Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD).

至漢 明帝時, 佛氏之敎, 始入中國。 楚王 英最先好之, 卒被丹陽之死。"Buddhism first came to the Han Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Mingdi (of later Han), and the first to embrace it was Emperor Ying of Chu, but he was finally killed at Danyang." Ta'ejo 2. 1392/9/21. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/waa_10109021_003#footnote_6. (DOP)

漢

한

한수 한

n

Literary Sinitic, a short-hand term for Hanmun (漢文)

而律文雜以漢吏之文, 雖文臣, 難以悉知, 況律學生徒乎?? "However, the legal texts are written in the complicated writing of the Han Dynasty and Idu (Clerk Script) which is difficult enough for a literatus to understand. How can a mere student be expected to understand?" Sejong 34. 1426/10/27. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10810027_003. (DOP)

漢

한

한수 한

n

Derogatory term for a man (놈, ‘bastard).

因安東 漢, 吾事不成. “Because of those Andong bastards, my business (rebellion) will never succeed.” Yŏngjo 4. 1728/4/10. 조선왕조실록

(history.go.kr). (ADJ).

閑

한

한가할 한

n, v

Spare time. To be used to, familiar with.

卿本文宰, 不閑武事. “You sir originally as a civil official were not used to military affairs.” Yŏngjo 4. 1728/3/ 26. 조선왕조실록

(history.go.kr). (ADJ).

播間

항간

씨 뿌릴 파, 사이 간

n

Rumour, talk of the town.

甲辰 、乙巳年間 , 天海 以凶言被誅 , 此則 有翼 、 維賢 做出凶言 , 陰嗾 天海 , 亦以此傳播間巷矣. “In 1724 and 1725 Yi Ch’ŏnhae was executed because of his evil writings (allegations of regicide), it was because of this that Yi Yu’ik and Shim Yuhyŏn came out with their own evil writings (allegations of regicide), it was also because of the murky incitement of Yi Ch’ŏnhae that they spread rumours.” Yŏngjo 4. 1728/5/1. 조선왕조실록

(history.go.kr). (ADJ).

禍

화

재앙 화

n

Disaster, misfortune.

尹鑴之疏, 乃挑禍之言。 “Yun Hyu’s memorial is a provocation of disaster.” Sukchong 1. 1674/12/1. 조선왕조실록 (history.go.kr). (DOP).

化

화

될 화

v

To change, to transform. To transform morally, to teach

火

화

불 화

n

Fire

患

환

근심 환

n, v

Grief, misfortune, disaster. To suffer, worry (milder than 憂)

近來邊圉失守, 撫禦之方; 亦未得宜, 竊發之患, 不可不慮。"The recent changes have left us with poor defenses, inadequate methods to divert and defend against our enemies, and we cannot help but worry over the misfortune that these thieves will wreak." Chungjong 1. 1506/9/7. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wka_10109007_004. (DOP)

赫

혁

붉을 혁

adj

Glorious, shining

玄

현

검을 현

adj

Black, dark, mysterious

弧

호

활 호

n

A bow (to shoot arrows)

號

호

부르짖을 호

v

To scream, to cry, to wail

號

호

부르짖을 호

v

To give a name to, to call

惑

혹

미혹할 혹

v

To be confused, deluded

惑

혹

미혹할 혹

v

To be sexually infatuated with

忽

홀

소홀히 할 홀

adv

Suddenly, abruptly

孝

효

효도 효

n, adj

Filial piety. To be filial, as in 孝子 (filial son).

疏食守喪, 孝子之細行, 安身保國, 孝子之大節。"Distributing food to mourners at a funeral is a small act of a filial son. Taking care of one's body and protecting the country are great acts of a filial son." Tanjong 2. 1452/7/12. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wfa_10007012_001. (DOP)

行

행

다닐 행

v

To go, to walk, to act, to conduct affairs.

嗚呼! 天不假年, 諒修短之有數; 禮行節惠, 期榮燿之無窮。"Alas! Heaven does not give us more than our allotted span, and there is a finite length to our time. By conducting this final act of compassion (and conferring this posthumous title), may glory and honour forever be upon you." Sŏngjong. 5. 1470/5/17. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wia_10105017_001. (DOP)

惠

혜

은혜 혜

n, adj

Compassion: compassionate

嗚呼! 天不假年, 諒修短之有數; 禮行節惠, 期榮燿之無窮。"Alas! Heaven does not give us more than our allotted span, and there is a finite length to our time. By conducting this final act of compassion (and conferring this posthumous title), may glory and honour forever be upon you." Sŏngjong. 5. 1470/5/17. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wia_10105017_001. (DOP)

後

후

뒤 후

adj, v

Behind, later, subsequent. To follow behind. To consider of less importance

王世子輟講已久, 踰月之後, 正合開筵。"It has been a while since the Crown Prince has had his royal lecture. It is appropriate to resume the lectures after one month." Hyojong 1. 1649/6/12. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wqa_10006012_001. (DOP)

后

후

임금 후

n

Empress, principal consort

後宮

후궁

뒤 후, 집 궁

n

Rear palace

喜

희

기쁠 희

adj, n

To be happy, to enjoy something. Joy, pleasure.

卿能體予意, 力疾出仕, 可見國耳忘身之意。 寡人良用喜悅。"I see that you have taken to heart my will, have braved illness to enter government office, and care not about yourself but only of country. This makes me quite glad." Sŏnjo 7. 1573/9/15. https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wna_10609015_001. (DOP)

興

흥

일어날 흥

v

To rise up, to awaken, to flourish, to mobilize