Full life-cycle lens reveals hidden environmental costs of emerging technologies
Full life-cycle lens reveals hidden environmental costs of emerging technologies.
A new study published in the International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment is challenging how we define “clean” technology. The research suggests environmental impacts must be measured across an entire life cycle, not just during operation.
A team led by Associate Professor Hossein Masoumi of Monash Civil and Environmental Engineering used a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to evaluate the total footprint of a technology system.
From raw material extraction through to manufacturing, use and end-of-life disposal or recycling, this method provides a comprehensive picture of emissions, energy use and resource consumption at each stage.
Co-author Mahnaz Laghaei says "Moving beyond conventional 'black-box' LCA approaches, this study disaggregates mining and primary processing into unit operations, enabling the identification of energy and environmental hotspots with greater resolution and transparency."
The findings highlight a consistent pattern: a significant share of environmental impact often occurs before a technology is even in use, particularly during energy-intensive manufacturing processes and material production.
By capturing these upstream and downstream effects, the study reveals that technologies widely considered low-emissions can still carry substantial hidden costs. End-of-life treatment - whether systems are recycled, repurposed or sent to landfill - also plays a critical role in determining overall sustainability outcomes.
The authors argue that this broader perspective is essential for policymakers and industry, particularly as countries accelerate efforts toward net zero. Without it, there is a risk of shifting environmental burdens from one stage of a product’s life to another, rather than reducing them overall.
The research demonstrates the need for better design, improved material efficiency and stronger recycling systems to ensure that next-generation technologies deliver genuine environmental benefits.
Read the full article here.
